Exercise and physical activity are extremely beneficial for overall health. And if you have type 1 or type 2 diabetes, or may be at risk, the benefits are quite useful.
“Regular exercise is especially important for those living with diabetes,” says Alex Li, MD, an internal medicine specialist in Los Angeles.
But exercise can also present some complications for people with diabetes. Here’s how to create a safe, effective workout routine if you have diabetes.
Why exercise is important for people with diabetes
The American College of Sports Medicine and the American Diabetes Association both agree that exercise is “critical for optimal health” in individuals with diabetes.
When you exercise, your body burns glucose, or blood sugar, for fuel. This helps lower your blood sugar levels. As you exercise more, this effect is amplified over time, which leads to a decrease in insulin resistance. It’s important to reduce insulin resistance, as it is what causes type 2 diabetes.
Regular exercise can also help you build muscle and decrease fat, both of which boost your body’s ability to use insulin. In general, people with both type 1 and type 2 diabetes benefit from becoming more sensitive to insulin.
“In the short term, it can lower blood sugar, and in the long term, it can improve insulin sensitivity,” says Emory Hsu, MD, an endocrinologist with Santa Clara Valley Medical Center in San Jose, California.
A 2019 scientific review published in Annals of Physical and Rehabilitation Medicine found evidence that structured exercises — like engaging in an eight-week exercise class — can reduce insulin resistance for people with type 2 diabetes. The average participant saw their blood sugars drop by 5.12 points after intervention.
Moreover, a 2017 study published in the Journal of Jiroft University of Medical Sciences followed 28 women with type 2 diabetes for eight weeks. Fourteen participants did not exercise, while the other 14 did aerobic exercise (cardio) three times a week and resistance training twice a week. After eight weeks, the exercise group had lower blood sugar and less insulin resistance than the control group.
How much exercise you need
People with diabetes, just like all other American adults, should aim to get 150 minutes of moderate exercise per week, according to a 2016 position statement by the ADA.
“If you’re not exercising already, don’t let this number intimidate you,” Hsu says. “Any exercise is better than none, and you can start more slowly and ramp up.”
The ADA recommends that people with type 2 diabetes or who are at risk for the condition exercise daily and never let more than two days lapse without physical activity. Most types of physical activity can count as exercise, even gardening or walking.
“If you are walking, this means you should walk briskly enough to start breaking a sweat or start to feel like you need to breathe more rapidly,” Hsu says.
Other types of moderate exercise include:
- Mowing the lawn
- Swimming
- Playing tennis
- Casual bike riding
All of these types of exercise can be beneficial. A 2019 scientific study published in The International Journal of Exercise Science followed 905 people with type 2 diabetes who were previously inactive. They did aerobic exercises, resistance training, or a combination of the two for 49 minutes three times per week.
The study found that all three types of training reduced A1C levels, which measure average blood glucose over time. Combination training had the biggest impact, followed by aerobic exercise and then resistance training.
Overall, making exercise a sustainable part of your daily and weekly routine is important. Try going for a walk on your lunch break, or using resistance bands after work. Whatever allows you to hit the targeted 150 minutes of exercise is the right plan for you, Li says.
How to exercise safely with diabetes
Exercise is recommended for all people with diabetes, though some may have to take extra precautions. For example, people with type 1 diabetes should be particularly careful.
“For type 1 diabetics, exercise can lower blood sugar more dramatically,” Hsu says. Dangerously low blood sugar, or hypoglycemia, can cause health complications including seizures and coma in severe cases.
People with type 1 diabetes should carefully plan their exercises around food intake and insulin dosage, according to the ADA. It’s also important to measure your blood sugar levels before, during, and after exercise — or check your blood sugar with a continuous glucose monitor.
Overall, it’s best to work with your doctor to develop a routine if you have type 1 diabetes.
-Insider
